Ocular migraine refers to a neurological syndrome which is characterized by abnormal visual sensations followed by nausea, vomiting and headaches. In some extreme cases, a patient may feel heightened sensitivity to light and sound at the early stage of the attack. People suffering from classic migraine are the victims of this type of migraine.

It is a temporary problem and there is high possibility that you may lose vision for few minutes. You may experience lines or bright spots that float slowly across your vision field.

Migraines occur due to body’s neurological response to certain triggers like hormonal changes, chemicals in medications or food or flashing lights. One of the most common causes of this trigger can be headache, which if left untreated can last for hours and days.

Symptoms of Ocular Migraine :

Patients suffering from ocular migraine experience a wide variety of visual symptoms. Generally, you will see a small and enlarging scotoma (a blind spot) in your central vision with shimmering zig–zag lines, flickering and bright lights inside the blind spot. The complete migraine pain ends within few minutes, however, it normally lasts for 30  to 45 minutes.

In some cases, somatic or neurological disturbances accompanied by migraine headaches turn out to be the only manifestations of an ocular migraine attack.

Rarely, a patient suffers from  permanent neurological deficit following migraine attack because of the irreversible cerebral ischemic (low oxygenation and blood flow) damage.

Generally, they are harmless and painless. Moreover, they do not cause any permanent brain or visual damage.

Tiredness, particularly after extended periods of watching television, computer work, reading or any other work that requires focus also leads to Ocular Migraine.

Causes of Ocular Migraine :

Certain food products may lead to attacks including chocolate, milk, meats preserved in nitrates, red wine or food items prepared with mono sodium glutamate, chicken liver or aged cheese. According to the experiences of some patients, exercise or exposure to sunlight can also trigger migraine attacks.

Birth control pills, hunger, changes in menstrual cycle of women, nerve weakness and hunger are few other causes of this eye pain.

Treatment of Ocular Migraine :

• Ocular migraine, commonly requires no treatment. During severe attacks, many patients prefer to rest in a darkened and quiet room until symptoms subside.
• An analgesic , like aspirin, consumed immediately provides relief  however sometimes it becomes necessary to consume extracranial vasoconstrictors and other drugs.

• Try to keep your stress levels down and make sure that you sleep properly.

Surgery for Ocular Migraine :

Patients sufferings from ocular requires no surgery as it can be treated with medicines only.

Sjogren’s Syndrome refers to an autoimmune disease. Generally, autoimmune ailments are characterized by the abnormal production of additional antibodies in the blood that are oriented against several tissues of the human body. This specific autoimmune disease features inflammation in certain specific glands of the human body. Because of the inflammation of the glands, there is decline in water production for tears and thus leads to eye dryness. Inflammation of the glands that helps in the production of saliva in the mouth (salivary glands and parotid glands) leads to dry lips and dry mouth.

Sjogren’s Syndrome Symptoms:

There are many people who have some form of dry eyes because of many reasons including living in desiccate region or environment, wearing contact lenses, taking certain specific medicines such as antiarrhythmics for heart regulation and antihistamines for allergies , or experiencing age related decrease in the ability of the eyes to provide sufficient lubrication.

However, Sjogren’s Syndrome is identified with few other symptoms in addition to dry eyes that is caused by diminishing function of glands required to moisten even other parts of the body. Some of these symptoms include the following:

• Sore and Dry skin
• Sore and dry mouth
• Unusual feeling of dryness in the vaginal area
• Muscle and joint pain without any swelling
• Inability to swallow and chew properly.
• Frequent sinus infections and dry sinuses

Some of the other symptoms associated with this eye disease includes sensation of grittiness, blurred vision, light sensitivity and burning sensation.

Sjogren’s Syndrome Causes:

The exact and accurate causes of Sjogren’s Syndrome are unknown. However, over the past few years, there has been rise in scientific support for inherited factors. This eye disease is often found in some other family members as well. It is commonly found in families who have members suffering from other type of autoimmune diseases such as juvenile diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, systemic lupus erythematosus etc. More than ninety per cent of Sjogren’s Syndrome patients are women.

Sjogren’s Syndrome Treatment:

There is no cure for Sjogren’s Syndrome. Dryness of the eyes can be treated with eye-lubricants at night, artificial tears and by reducing the use of hair dryers. When the dryness becomes more persistent, an ophthalmologist plugs the tear duct so that tears can cover the eyes for a longer period. Recently approved Cyclosporine eye drops helps in reducing the inflammation of the tear glands, hence, improving their function.

Following steps may help you in easing the symptoms of Sjogren’s Syndrome:

• Avoid alcohol and do not smoke
• Humidify the air in order to improve dry skin
• use vaginal lubricants
• Increase  the intake of fluids, specially water
• Use saline spray for nose
• Chew hard candies or sugarless gum to moisten your mouth

Sjogren’s Syndrome Surgery:

Patients suffering from this disease requires no surgery as it can be treated with medicines.

Macular holes is a severe form of eye defect that results in the vision of one of your eyes suddenly become blurry and distorted.

Before we get into the details of Macular holes, it is important to understand the basics of eye anatomy. The macula of the eye where the holes tend to develop, is a very tiny spot which is there at the back of the eye. It is in the center of the retina. The light that passes through the eye, focuses exactly at the center of the macula. It is  a sharp point and Macula is the only area of the eye that has crystal clear colour vision.

The macula is also full of cones which are the light sensitive cells in the eye. The rest of the retina is made of the photosensitive cells which are also called rods. These rods are able to recognize the black and white shading and also the shape and movement like the side vision and night vision.

The Macular holes are often related to the process of aging. Thus it is more likely for it to develop if you are over the age of 60years. Women are more prone to suffer from Macular holes as compared to men. If anyone suffers from Macular holes they will experience a sudden decrease in vision in the eye affected by it.

The Macular holes, cysts and tears are different from other eye diseases, macular degeneration that is related to the aging process. This eye problem can also happen to people who have already passed the age group of 60 years.

The different causes of Macular holes are given below:

• Eye Injury
• A detached retina
• Best’s disease i.e. is a inherited condition which causes Macular damage
• Macular pucker
• Diabetic eye disease
• Myopia or high level of nearsightedness
• Seperation or Vitreous Shrinkage

Macular Holes Caused Due to Separation or Vitreous Shrinkage:

In the back of the eye there is a thick gel which is also the vitreous humor. This gel like stuff helps to keep the eye in shape. As one grows old the vitreous begins to shrink and becomes more liquid in form. This in turn causes it to slosh around.

The vitreous is attached with the retina with some tiny cell strands. So when the vitreous shrinks it pulls the retina. When it pulls the retina it results in a hole after some period of time. When this missing piece of retina is there in the macula of the eye it is called the Macular hole.

Another type of Macular Hole is caused as a result of vitreous shrinkage is when the strands break away from the vitreous and stay attached to the retina. The macula is contracted all around by these strands    and thus due to traction it results in a hole to develop in the macula.

This in turn results in a fluid to develop, which seeps into the macular hole and results in distorted and blurred vision.

The Types of Macular Holes and Its Treatments:

There are three stages of Macular Holes:

• Foveal Detachments
• Full Thickness Holes
• Partial Thickness Holes

The most common form of treatment for Macular holes is vitrectomy.

Ocular Rosacea  refers to the condition of eyelids which affects the skin and the eyes around the upper part of the face and eyes. It is similar to a condition called rosacea, in which the facial skin gets affected.

It is a severe eye condition, which, if left untreated can even lead to blindness. This eye complication mostly occurs in people with fair skin because of exposure to heat and sunlight , heavy exercise, mental stress and extreme cold temperature. It is one of those eye conditions which is accompanied by dry eyes. In this eye disease, there is high possibility of developing secondary infection because bacterias like  staphylococci’  can easily breed in a dry environment. This eye infection has many symptoms which are visible on the eyes and areas surrounding it like nose, forehead, cheek etc.

Symptoms of Ocular Rosacea:

A patient experiencing inflammation in his lid margins or eyelids may suffer from this eye disease. This eye condition is called

blepharitis and it leads to burning and itchy eyelashes and eyes.

Other symptoms of ocular rosacea include painful and red eyes, which in turn lead to a complication called scleritis

or episcleritis. Another complication called keratitis is one of the Major symptoms of this eye disease. Irritation in the eyes accompanied by an unclear or blurred sight and severe pain are few other symptoms of ocular rosacea.

Some other common symptoms of ocular rosacea comprises of bloodshot or watery eyes, dryness in the   eyes, feeling of a foreign particle in the eye or a stinging feeling in the eye. In some cases, patients also complain about sense of fullness in the eyelid.

Causes of Rosacea

Some common triggers that can lead to this eye condition includes the following:

• Heavy exercises
• Wind Exposure
• Spicy or hot food and drinks
• Menopause
• Humidity
• Heat
• Sunlight
• Cold Temperatures
• Drinking Alcohol
• Emotional Stress

Treatment of Ocular Rosacea:

It is not possible to cure ocular rosacea but it can be controlled and treated. The kind of treatment to be given generally depends on the severity and symptoms of this eye disease.  Ophthalmologist commonly treat  symptoms with oral antibiotics like doxycycline or tetracycline. In order to increase tear production, he may prescribe eye drops.

Surgical Treatment for Ocular Rosacea

It is not possible to cure this eye disease even with surgery because of the high possibility of reoccurring outbreaks. Therefore, it is advisable to take medicines and precautions to prevent the development of this eye disease.

Laser Surgery and Cryopexy

Doctors recommend freezing treatment or laser surgery called Cryopexy for tears and small holes. Usually, doctors perform this type of surgery at their clinics. In this procedure, doctors made small burns  around the hole to connect the retina back into place. Cryopexy congeals the holes and thus, helps in the reattachment of retina.

Vitrectomy, Scleral Buckle, and Pneumopexy

In some cases, doctors recommend other types of surgery like pneumopexy, Vitrectomy and scleral buckling.

The retinal detachment occurs at the slender retina’s peripheral edge and slowly expands beneath the thicker and central areas. The patient perceives a shadow that grows in size, gradually influencing central vision. The vision of the patient is normal until unless the centre of the retina is safe, however, as soon as the centre is affected, the eyesight becomes indistinct, wavy and distorted. In the absence of timely treatment, a patient may suffer from total blindness.

The retina lies firmly and smoothly against the back of the eyeball and functions as a film placed at the back of the camera. Millions of light sensitive cells of retina accepts several optical images, develops them instantly and then transmit them to the brain. If any portion of the retina pulls away from its original position, a patient suffers from a condition called retinal detachment.

A retinal detachment is really a separation from the retina from its attachments towards the underlying tissue inside the eye. Most retinal detachments really are a outcome of the retinal break, gap, or tear.

Although, retinal detachment occurs at any age but it commonly occurs in midlife or later stage of life. Following are the few conditions that amplify the chances of this eye condition:

• Cataract surgery
• Previous retinal detachment in other eye
• Nearsightedness
• History or hereditary of retinal detachment
• Glaucoma
• Severe trauma
• Weak areas of retina that is visible only to an ophthalmologist

Realize that no health care remedy exists that will remedy and even average the diploma of the shade blindness, besides in uncommon situations through which the coloration blindness was acquired rather than genetic in origin. Pc software program and unique lenses and filters to help in colour differentiation are usually the only offered suggests of controlling the problem.

Color blindness is generally a hereditary or genetic condition. It is caused by the disease  of the retina or the optic nerve. If the color vision problem is acquired then it affects the eye with the disease and over a period of time it becomes progressively worse.

People who suffer from defective color vision which is caused due to disease, generally face trouble differentiating between yellow and blue color. The defect in the color vision which is genetically acquired, is among the most common ones. Though it affects both the eyes, it does not become worse over a period of time. This type of defect in color vision is found is found in about 8% of men and 0.4% women.

These color problems are related to the X chromosomes , and is always passed on from the mother to the son. Color blindness can either be complete which affects all colors or it can be partial wherein it affects only few colors. People who suffer from complete color blind are often suffering from other eye problems also.

The cones, which are the photoreceptor, are the ones which allows the eyes to appreciate colors. These are exactly in the center of the retina. These cones contain three pigments which are photosensitive: red, blue and green. The deficiency in one of these pigments lead to defect in color vision. People who have a normal color vision are also called as trichromats. Those who have a deficiency in one of the pigments are also known as anomalous trichromats. Someone who has complete absence in one of the pigments is called a dichromat.

Color Blindness is also known as color deficiency. When we view various colors, we are experiencing differences in the light which reaches our eye. The way we can see the various colors is somewhat like the way we hear various sounds, which sometimes are either high or low. This is what is called pitch, and it relates to the frequency of sound.

For instance, the pianos keyboard when played from the left makes sounds which are low in frequency. As you start playing the keys towards the right of the keyboard, the frequency of the sound becomes higher. This is similar to the order that is followed when viewing colors.

If you have noticed, you will find that the colors of all the rainbow appear in a similar order, i.e. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. All these different colors of the rainbow are related to the various wavelength of light. The blue colors are short in wavelength whereas the red colors are longer. Thus, all the different colors have different wavelengths corresponding to light.

Now, the eye works like a camera. There is a lens in the front of the eye which focuses the images on the inside of the eyes back. This area is called the retina. It is covered with the nerve cells which react with the flow of light. These cells in the retina also includes the rods and the cones. These cones and rods react to light as it contains pigments which change when the light strikes.

These cones present in the retina cells are responsible for the vision of color. There are three types of cone cells and they all include various kinds of pigments. All these three types of cone cells react to different wavelength of light. Some react to the shorter light wavelength, others to the medium wavelength of light and again there are some which react to the higher light wavelength.

The rod on the other hand includes only one pigment. This pigment reacts in an uniformed way to all wavelength of light. The rods, thus, do not have anything to do with the vision of color. However, as the rods are very sensitive to light, it helps in night vision. Thus, as long as the rods and cones are working in unison, the eyes faces no problem in seeing any color.

In case, the pigments in the cones experiences some problem, then it will create problems for the eyes to view colors in the same way. This is what is called color blindness or color deficiency. The effect is such that, even if one pigment is missing it will result in trouble for the eye in seeing certain colors. Red and green color blindness  is the most common form of color blindness. The other common form of color blindness is the yellow and blue color blindness. Very often, you will find that someone suffering from yellow-blue color blindness normally also suffers from red-green color blindness.

There are some eyes which do not have any pigments. Such people do not see any color at all. This is the most severe form of color blindness and is also called as achromatopsia. Color blindness is a genetic condition. Women are very rarely affected by it. If at all it affects 1 out of every 10 men.